STATEMENT VICTORY

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UNBEATABLE

un·beat·a·ble (ŭn-bē'tə-bəl)
–adjective
1. incapable of being beaten; impossible to defeat: an unbeatable soccer team.
2. of surpassingly good quality; excellent: an unbeatable combination of brains, bodies and talent. of that hwachong soccer girls.

HWA CHONG SOCCER GIRLS
TEAM 2008/09

ALL POWER ON THE LOOSE
BEWARE

11 January, 2009

Right, I am daoing homework for something more fulfilling(:

Bone, Joint and Muscle Injuries

Fracture:

A break or crack in a bone
Category:

Closed Fracture: Where skin is not broken (OUCH!)
Open Fracture: Where the skin is broken (DOUBLE OUCH! WITH GROSS FACTOR)

Types of Fracture:

Simple Fracture: Only the bone is broken/cracked
Compound Fracture: Bone and tissue damage
Complicated Fracture: Bone, tissue and organ damage

Signs and Symptoms:

Deformity, swelling and bruising on fracture site
Pain and difficulty in moving
Shortening, bending or twisting of limb
Coarse grating sound heard at bone ends
Loss of function
An open wound in case of open fracture

First Aid Treatment

Instruct casualty not to move
Check for bleeding
Check for shock (life threatening condition where body does not get enough blood flow, can cause multiple organ damage and death)
Immobilize and support the fracture

Use bandages or splints or a combination of both

Monitor circulation (observing capillary refill at fingers and discoloration if any) and pulse
Arrange for immediate removal to hospital

Dislocation

Joint: Junction where one bone meets another. Joints are joined by ligaments
A Dislocated Joint is an injury where the bones are partially or completely pulled out of position
Causes:

Violent Muscle Contractions
Violent Twisting

Signs and Symptoms:

Pain
Limited Movement
Shortening, bending or twisting of dislocated area

First Aid Treatment:

Immobilize affected area
Supported affected area after immobilization
Check for pulse and respiration
Check for circulation at fingers and toes every 10 minutes

Precautions:

Do not reposition dislocated bone into socket!
Do not move affected part before immobilization
Do not allow casualty to eat or drink

Sprains and Strains

Definitions

A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibres of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains
A strain is an overstretching of some part of the musculature
No dislocation is involved in sprains and strains
Signs and Symptoms:

Limited movement in the joints
Pain and tenderness
Swelling and bruising

First Aid Treatment

RICE

Rest
Ice for less than 10 minutes
Compression
Elevation

Heatstroke

Definition:

Failure of the body's biological thermostat (hypothalamus)
LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCY

Causes:

High fever
Prolonged exposure to heat

Signs and Symptoms:

Headache, dizziness and discomfort
Restlessness and confusion
Hot, flushed, dry skin
Decrease in level of response
Bounding oulse
Body temperature above 40 degree Celsius

First Aid Treatment:

Transport casualty to cooler location
Remove as much clothing as possible
Wrap casualty in cold wet sheet, keep sheet moist until body temperature falls to 38 degree Celsius
One temperature lowers to 38 degree Celsius, replace wet sheet with dry one
Monitor vital signs (pulse, respiration, response)
Repeat procedure should temperature rise

Heat Exhaustion

Definition:

Loss of salt and water from the body due to excessive sweating
More common than heatstroke

First Aid Objective:

Replace lost body fluids and salt
Decrease temperature if necessary

Signs and Symptoms:

Headache, dizziness and confusion
Nausea, loss of appetite
Hot, flushed, dry skin
Sweating with pale clammy skin
Cramps on the legs, arms and/or abdominal wall
Rapid, weakening pulse and breathing

First Aid Treatment:

Have victim drink fluids
Have victim lie down with feet elevated to allow blood flow to brain
Use cold compresses and a fan to lower body temperature

Another major cause of concern: Hyperventilation or Over-breathing

Definition:
Excessive breathing leading to increase levels of oxygen that causes drastic chemical changes within body
Causes:

Excitement
Hysteria
Other random emotions and outbursts

Signs and Symptoms:

Normal or pink skin colour
Rapid or deep breathing
Attention seeking behaviour !
Giddiness
Cramps in hands and feet

First Aid Treatment:

Firm reassurance
Encourage casualty to take slow regular breaths
Instruct casualty to breath in and out a paper bag until symptoms disappear

This is a serious cause of concern!

3:36 PM

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